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rules for regular
stems
1. Verb-Nouns that
end in a vowel drop their final vowel, e.g.:
| talu |
=
tal- |
pay |
| codi |
=
cod- |
rise,
raise |
| ffonio |
=
ffoni- |
phone |
2. VNs ending in
-au change to -eu-, e.g.:
3. VNs ending in
a consonant usually stay the same, e.g.:
| eistedd |
=
eistedd- |
sit |
| symud |
=
symud- |
move |
| agor |
=
agor- |
open |
irregular stems
However, some VNs
add and -i-, or make an internal change, e.g.:
| derbyn |
=
derbyni- |
accept/receive |
| dal |
=
dali- |
catch |
| dianc |
= dihang- |
escape |
| ennill |
=
enill- |
win |
| aros |
=
arhos- |
wait |
| dweud |
=
dwed-, or wed- or dywed- |
say/tell |
List of some
common irregular stems
| addo |
=
addaw- |
promise |
| amgau |
=
amgae- |
enclose |
| aros |
=
arhos- |
wait |
| cau |
=
cae- |
close/shut |
| cerdded |
=
cerdd- |
walk |
| cyfnewid |
=
cefnewidi- |
exchange |
| cymryd |
=
cymer- |
take |
| cynnal |
=
cynhali- |
hold (a meeting) |
| cyrraedd |
=
cyrhaedd- |
arrive, reach |
| dadlau |
=
dadleu- |
argue |
| dal |
=
dali- |
catch |
| derbyn |
=
derbyni- |
accept/receive |
| dianc |
=
dihang- |
escape |
| dweud |
=
dwed-, or wed-, or dywed- |
say/tell |
| dychwelyd |
=
dychwel- |
return |
| ennill |
=
enill- |
win |
| gadael |
=
gadaw- |
leave, let |
| galw |
=
galw- |
call |
| gweld |
=
gwel- |
see |
| llenwi |
=
llenw- |
fill (up/in) |
| meddwl |
=
meddyli- |
think, mean |
| newid |
=
newidi- |
change |
| rhedeg |
=
rhed- |
run |
| sefyll |
=
sef-, or saf- |
stand |
| troi |
=
tro-, or trodd- |
turn |
| yfed |
=
yf- |
drink |
| ymadael |
=
ymadaw- |
leave (intransitive) |
| ymweld |
=
ymwel- |
visit |
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